Concepts #

• Battle of Trafalgar — Naval defeat of the French and Spanish fleet by Britain in 1805.
• Cape Trafalgar — Headland on the Atlantic coast of Spain; namesake of the battle and Trafalgar Square.
• Defenestration of Prague — 1618 event that triggered the Thirty Years' War.
• Dutch Republic — Independence recognized at the Peace of Westphalia (1648).
• Edict of Restitution — 1629 imperial decree rolling back Protestant land seizures in the Holy Roman Empire.
• Eighty Years' War — Related conflict to the Thirty Years' War.
• Habsburg Dynasty — European royal house holding the Holy Roman Emperorship and the Spanish throne.
• Holy Roman Empire — Fragmented Central European polity composed of hundreds of sovereign states.
• Peace of Westphalia — 1648 settlements ending the Thirty Years' War.
• Reformation — 16th-century religious movement that produced the Protestant/Catholic divide.
• Thirty Years' War — 1618-1648 conflict in the Holy Roman Empire and Europe.
• Venus Flytrap Snap Mechanism — Fast closure driven by rapid cell wall softening.
• Vinland — Norse exploration and attempted settlement of coastal North America around 1000 AD.